Religious Education Coursework Assignment Essay Example for Free

Religious Education Coursework Assignment Essay COURSEWORK QUESTION: a) (i) What is Hajj? (ii) Describe and explain why a Muslim would take part in Hajj and what this involves [40] b) (i) Explain the meaning and significance of the events of Hajj for a Muslim. (ii) What difficulties might there be for a Muslim performing Hajj? (iii) How might participating in Hajj affect the life of a believer? [35] c) â€Å"A true pilgrimage is really a journey within.† Do you agree with this statement? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Islam in your answer. [25] A (i)Hajj is the pilgrimage to Makkah, a Muslim-only city. Tourists aren’t welcome to Makkah; Hajj is for Muslims to get closer to God and isn’t meant to be a tourist attraction. It is the duty of every healthy and financially stable Muslim to complete Hajj once in their lifetime. It is a deeply spiritual journey for the millions of Muslims who complete Hajj every Muslim year, between 8 and 13 Dhul-Hijjah – the final month. Some Muslims may prefer to visit Makkah on a pilgrimage at another time in the year, but this is not considered as important as Hajj, and is called Umrah. Because so many Muslims want to experience Hajj for the first time, those who have done it before often do Umrah instead. Hajj is the fifth of the five pillars of Islam; the basis of the religion. It is meant for the sane and mature Muslim mind, and it is usually considered an honour to die during one’s Hajj, as it is widely believed burial in the city of Makkah will bring Muslims clo ser to their God, and is a good indication of their dedication to Islam. A (ii)Hajj is widely considered essential in order to be a devout Muslim. It is one of the five pillars of Islam which are the biggest and main requirements of the religion. It is considered that Hajj is something of a ticket to heaven in the afterlife. The pilgrimage is to show ones self to Allah, and let him be the judge of character. With a good Hajj comes a peaceful afterlife and paradise. It is not just a physical practice, for true meaning a pilgrim must enter a whole new mindset and way of living, at least for the days of Hajj. This was of living is called Ihram, and is the first obligatory rite of Hajj. All men must wear two white unhemmed sheets so that all look alike, and wealth, age and status in general is not even considered. Whilst in Ihram, Muslims should not argue, swear, kill (even insects!) or participate in a sexual relationship even accompanied by husband or wife. Ihram creates an equilibrium and purity for Hajj. It unites every pilgrim and crates a pure mental canvas solely ready to think about nothing but God. The physical part of Hajj is all about recreating significant and very old events in Islam. First the pilgrims all run or walk quickly around the Ka’bah seven times, if close enough they will touch or kiss it. They then pray close to the Ka’bah, near Maqam Ibrahim. Next the Muslims rush between Marwah and Safa, two hills; seven times. The hills are linked now by a corridor for convenience and safety. After doing this, the pilgrims must make their way to the plain of Arafat, around 20km from Makkah. The pilgrims stand under the sun from midday until sunset praying to Allah, and asking for forgiveness. After this the pilgrims go to Muzdalifah to pray, collect stones and camp overnight. In the morning the pilgrims go to Mina to throw seven stones at three walls. After stoning the walls pilgrims make a sacrifice, often through companies nowadays. The sacrificed animal is the either frozen for future use or given to the poor Muslim community to eat. Men then shave their heads, and women cut off a lock of hair, usually a small amount; a few centimetres or a quarter. Muslims are then allowed to exit Ihram, changing into their normal clothes. They camp at Mina for three nights, and then return to Makkah to walk around the Kabah once again. They then drink water from the ZamZam well and their Hajj is complete. They are then a male Hajji, or a female Hajjah. B (i)Carrying out the actions of Hajj is not meaningful without a proper understanding for the ideas behind each procedure. It is all about representing the past and having empathy for Muhammad (PBUH), Ibrahim his son Ismah’il and others. The Kabah is a cube-shaped building supposedly first constructed for God by the first man Adam. It was washed away in Noah’s time, but Ibrahim and his son Ismahil rebuilt it. It is covered in a black cloth called kiswah with verses of the Qu’ran stitched into it. The Kabah is rebuilt on the same foundations by the same method when it needs to be, and the cover is re-made every year, after it is cut up and given to some lucky pilgrims as a memento of their journey. The Ka’bah is the very first house of God and many prophets have visited it. It is for this reason that pilgrims feel such closeness and representation to God when they visit it during Hajj. Tawaf is the circling of the Ka’bah seven times. To begin, the pilgrims can kiss the Black Stone al-hajar-al-aswad or just raise their hands towards it (on the east corner of the courtyard) and recite a prayer. After this the Pilgrims rush around the Ka’bah seven times to represent the fact that their lives revolve around God. It is the first thing that the pilgrims do when they arrive in Makkah. Tawaf is the second rite of Hajj, after Ihram, mentioned earlier. The second event is called the sa’i, where pilgrims rush between the hills Marwah and Safa, to show perseverance and patience. This is what Ibrahim’s wife Hajar did as she desperately searched for aid as her and her thirsty son came close to death in the desert. This part of Hajj can be very tiring and difficult under the blazing sun, despite there being a modern corridor built especially for sa’i. Hajar’s patience was rewarded by God with a spring of water that appeared at her son Ismahil’s feet, which was named the ZamZam well; today it is in the courtyard of the great Mosque in Makkah. Sa’i is not a compulsory part of Hajj but is usually included in the pilgrimage, and has a deep meaning. The pilgrims travel to Mina, a city of tents near the plain of Arafat. In Ihram, the Muslims are united and equal; they sleep side by side often grouped only by language if anything. All of the pilgrims sleep in tents in their Ihram clothes, poor and rich sleep aside each other as the devout, proud and fellow Muslims of Hajj. The following day the pilgrims travel to Mount Arafat for the most important part of Hajj, where they stand before Allah and ask forgiveness for all of their sins. This is the third obligatory rite of Haj j. Mount Arafat is also known as the ‘Mount of Mercy’ and is supposed to be where God forgave Adam and Eve for their sins and reunited them, after previously separating them for wrongdoing. Here the Muslims stand before God, the wuquf. The pilgrims stand from midday to sunset praying, weeping and meditating, all under the searing Saudi sun. The afternoon of wuquf is purely concentrated on Allah, and some pilgrims have to rush to make the stand, as without it their Hajj is invalid. Everyone is expected to stand alone and analyse every wrong doing individually, and pray to Allah for forgiveness for their sins. In this rite, repent is essential, and if pilgrims are truly sorry for their sins, it is said they will be completely purified and forgiven by Allah, and can start again, as pure as the day they were born. It is an unforgettable experience and is savoured by every pilgrim. After wuquf, pilgrims travel to camp in Muzdalifah in time for prayers in the evening. Here they usually collect 49 pebbles for the ramy al-jamarat (stoning of the devil) the following day. In 2004 Saudi authorities got rid of the pillars and replaced them with long walls, to make the stoning the devil process easier and therefore safer. Hund reds of people have died in the large crowds all trying to get a good shot at the pillars. On the first day of the process, after a night in Muzdalifah, the first wall is stoned 7 times. The following days each of the three walls has to be stoned 7 times for two consecutive days. This means 49 pebbles are required, but if the pilgrims miss any shots they may need at least 21 extra pebbles to stone all three walls 7 times the following day. This seems like a strange ritual when no background is supporting it, but there is good meaning. Ibrahim was told by God one day he had to sacrifice his son Ismah’il. Ibrahim made his way to the place of sacrifice, abiding Allah’s instruction, after consulting his son who told him to do what he had to. On the way the devil appeared before him first to try and tempt him not to sacrifice his son, and the angel Gabriel, the messenger of God told him to â€Å"pelt him†. Ibrahim threw 7 pebbles at the devil and it disappeared. It soon reappeared along the way, this time representing the temptation of Hajar to stop her husband sacrificing her son to God, and Gabriel told Ibrahim to â€Å"pelt him† again. He did what he was told and threw 7 stones at the devil who once again disappeared. The devil appeared a third time along the road, to tempt Ismahil to avoid being sacrificed. Gabriel’s order to â€Å"pelt him† was followed by Ibrahim, and the devil then disappeared for the final time. Ibrahim’s loyalty and resistance to the devil was rewarded by God when Ibrahim was told to stop as he prepared to kill his son. He was told by God to sacrifice a ram instead, and Ibrahim’s resistance to temptation paid off. Ramy al-jamarat shows the pilgrim’ s dedication to God’s wishes, and rejection to the temptations of the devil. Most Muslims make a sacrifice after stoning the devil, to recreate Ibrahim’s experience as closely as possible. Because there are so many pilgrims who want to make a sacrifice, there are special companies, who make it on their behalf and feed the poor. What cannot be used immediately to feed the poor Muslim community is frozen and used later. After making a sacrifice, male pilgrims have their heads shaven by a person who is not in Ihram and women have usually around an inch cut off. Pilgrims usually change into their normal clothes and do a single Tawaf; this is the fourth obligatory rite of Hajj. After doing this single Tawaf the Muslims are now officially Hajjis or Hajjahs as a female. They can then return home but most choose to stay and visit other places such as Medina, where the prophet Muhammad (PBUH) was buried. B (ii)There are many factors to prevent Muslims going to Hajj. It is said Allah excuses these factors. It is intention or niyyah that counts with the pilgrimage, and when there is something to prevent Muslims from attending it, they will be excused by Allah. The most common circumstance is poverty. There are around 1.4 billion Muslims in the world, and many live in poverty. Lots of Muslims will save up most of their life to do Hajj, and by the time they have enough money to go, they are of old age and aren’t physically able. In this case the Muslim can pay another existing Hajji to attend on their behalf, or donate their savings for Hajj to charity. If they do this they will be blessed as fully as if they had completed Hajj themselves. For those who can’t afford Hajj, they can donate their available savings for Hajj to charity. They will receive the full Hajj benefits also. If a Muslim passes away on their way to carry out Hajj, they will receive the full blessing also, they have died making a commitment to their religion, this shows devotion and niyyah if anything does! Of course there are difficulties that could occur during Hajj. Because around two million pilgrims undergo Hajj every year, and are all dressed in near identical garments, it is very likely that groups will be separated for the period of Hajj. This may seem like a panicking time but Muslims in Ihram will be very sympathetic and helpful with each other in such circumstances, and probably take on new members into their travel groups. The overwhelming feeling of closeness to God on Hajj is enough to eliminate any feelings of worry for the meantime anyhow, so separation doesn’t cause much of a fright. Those unfortunate enough to die during Hajj are proud. It is a blessing to be buried in or near Makkah, close to God. Passing away making commitments to Islam is an honour, and a will is usually written before leaving for Hajj anyway. For those who fear the physical strain of Hajj, or are encouraged not to repeat the journey if they have already, Umrah is the lesser pilgrimage which can be carried out all year round. It involves the seven rotations of the Ka’bah (Tawaf), the Sa’i (Between Marwah and Safa) and a halq or taqsir; which is to cut the hair. Taqsir is shortening hair; halqis the complete head shave. B (iii)Hajj creates equilibrium, and a sympathetic atmosphere among the pilgrims who share the highs and lows of the journey. For most, the journey strengthens and confirms their commitment to Islam. After Hajj, a Muslim is more likely to be more courteous to people in general, and more at ease with life. Once a good Hajj is completed, the afterlife should be more peaceful and happy. Some Muslims like the experience of the pilgrimage so much they move to a Muslim country if they do not live in one already, as they like the convenience and feeling of togetherness and empathy. Hajj strengthens the belief of many Muslims, and if they weren’t a very good Muslim before Hajj, they might feel the need to be more committed to their faith, and practice Islam more regularly. Although for most the pilgrimage of Hajj is a blessing experience, some may have felt let down and disengaged during the journey. For those who could not get into a good Ihram, or feel true belief in God on the mount of mercy; their belief in Islam and Allah may have been hindered. C To me, this statement means that although all of the processes of a pilgrimage are physical, the true idea is the thoughts within the pilgrim’s mind and the intention, empathy and symbolism of what they are doing in the pilgrimage. The vast majority of Hajjis find the sacred journey to Makkah nourishing and feel they have found forgiveness from Allah. As they travel around the different rites of Hajj they cherish the experience and remember the meaning of each process, going back as far as the time of Adam and Eve. They enter a new realm as they stand before God on the Mount of Mercy, are unable to hold in their tears and are swept with emotion. On the other hand, Hajj is purely a physical process for some pilgrims. It isn’t supposed to be, but some can’t get into the frame of mind which is intended during the pilgrimage. The journey is supposed to be emotional, deeply thoughtful and soul cleansing. To some Muslims, their belief may be slightly hampered by the fact they struggle to get into a real Ihram. They will get their money’s worth on the trip and see people from all different cultures following the same rituals, but not feel truly engaged in the experience. Some people might argue that if you go on Hajj, and carry out the same processes as the prophets did, that is adequate in displaying your devotion to Allah and Islam. Some may say the fact that so much is physically required of them in Hajj, that alone shows they are a devout Muslim. Personally, I fully agree with the statement, because I would say that Hajj is a journey to Makkah to carry out the rites, and a true Hajj is a deep and thoughtful journey not only to Makkah, but to the bottom of a pilgrim’s heart. Although carrying out Hajj is a blessing experience cherished by Muslims, it is not truly meaningful unless they feel a certain dedication and spiritual enrichment on their journey.

Team Behavior Essays -- Business, Organizational Structure

Team Behavior The organizational structure is compromised of groups and teams. Organizational behavior theory examines individual and group behavior types in relation to performance, organizational structure, ethics, and conflict resolution. Extensive research has been done in the field of development and application of team behavior and the positive or negative impact it has on accomplishing organizational objectives. Tuckman’s team development theory, Mintzberg’s study of organizational politics, and The Ringelmann effect will be examined. These theories provide insight into the complexities inherent in group structure and the mechanisms organizations need to minimize dysfunctional activities. The term group and team are used interchangeably for this discussion although they do not have the same meaning. A team consists of a number of people committed to common goals. Teams help organizations enhance performance, reduce costs, and provide employees with a sense of dignity and self-fulfillment. A team’s composition is formal or informal, its effectiveness is predicated, in part, on an organizations’ culture and the personalities and roles of the team members. . Group Development 1. There are critics of the five†stage group development model. Their main point is that this presentation of a group’s development is too static. Do you agree with this criticism? Why? The Tuckman stages of team development focuses on building and developing teams by analyzing team behavior. The first stage is forming. Group members get to know each other. Tuckman calls this the â€Å"ice breaking† stage. The second stage is storming. In this stage conflicts and power struggles occur as individuals compare views. The third stage is nor... ...for their outputs. Conflict among teams exists in organizations. Conflict aligned with business objectives and fosters positive employee performance (functional conflict), should be encouraged by management. However, conflict between groups that impede business objectives (dysfunctional conflict), must be confronted immediately and eliminated by management. Another form of conflict in organizations is resistance to authority. Mintzberg (1983) describes these tendencies as political games. The whistleblower game attempts to bring about organizational change by exposing practices or behaviors an individual perceives as unethical and in violation of the law. Organizations with sound ethical standards embrace valid whistle-blowing, however, most organizations view whistle-blowing negatively and impose various methods of retaliation against the individual.

Fast Food Nation Essay

Whether we like it or not, fast food and its detrimental effects have become an epidemic. For many years, people have been oblivious to the growth of the fast food industry. However, over the past three decades, the fast food industry has nearly taken over our American society; almost anywhere, one can see its vast influence. As a result, in his book, Fast Food Nation, Eric Schlosser portrays the influence of the industry. By implementing pathetic appeals for injustice and disgust, statistics from reputable sources, and fear of the consequences of fast food, Schlosser shows the average adult how the fast food industry is ruining American culture as a way to reform its problems. Throughout his book, Schlosser consistently tries to create an emotional appeal, particularly to one’s injustice and disgust to depict his opinion. When one hears things such as, â€Å"The hamburger habit is just about as safe†¦as getting your meat out of a garbage can† (Schlosser 195), he or she cannot help but to be disgusted. Of course no one wants to be told that he or she is eating trash. Moreover, Schlosser discusses other vomit-inducing truths such as, the numerous amounts of cannibal animals among the animals whose meat becomes the food that people eat at a fast food restaurant (202). He also talks about how every year there are millions of dead animals purchased to be fed to the animals that restaurants provide as meat (Schlosser 202). Lastly, Schlosser writes, â€Å"There is shit in the meat† (197), which immediately grabs the reader’s attention and hence shows his pathetic appeal to persuasively convey his opinion. Would anyone really want to eat a feces burger for lunch? In addition, out of 355 detailed pages, Schlosser’s statistics are omnipresent. He constantly uses them to back up his statements with evidence, even dedicating one sixth of the book to notes full of statistics with reputable sources. Although he already states his facts persuasively, they become more convincing with this use of logos. For instance, at many times, authors will make up a statement and act as if it were a true fact. However, when he writes, â€Å"There is a 100 percent turnover rate annually† (Schlosser 325) and quotes it from a published article, one can actually know the turnover rate without having to question its validity. Furthermore, when Schlosser writes about how 7. 5% of all ground beef samples are contaminated with Salmonella and quotes it from a Nationwide Microbiological survey, one does not have a hard time believing its legitimacy (Schlosser 333). One of the most persuasive strategies Schlosser uses in his book is his appeal to his audience’s consequential fears of fast food. For most people, living life is a wonderful gift and if anything could be able to take it away, people would doubtlessly avoid it. Schlosser does an effective job at listing the harmful consequences; since he clearly detests the fast food industry’s influence, he does this to help reform against the influence of it. For example, when Schlosser brings up the existence of E. coli O157:H7 in fast food, he does not simply say, â€Å"It is bad† (199). He goes on and elaborates with great detail, giving a story of a six year old boy named Alex who died because of the bug (200). Not only does he dramatize the story but he also narrates the events chronologically to draw the greatest response from the reader. Schlosser writes, â€Å"It progressed to diarrhea†¦Doctors frantically tried to save Alex’s life, drilling holes in his skull to relieve pressure, inserting tubes in his chest to keep him breathing†¦ Toward the end, Alex suffered hallucinations and dementia, no longer recognizing his mother or father† (200). These events, individually, already seem terrifying. Together, it magnifies the effect. Pathos and logos play an important role throughout Schlosser’s entire book. He is clearly against the fast food industry’s ubiquitous influence and as a result, he writes with pathetic appeals, reputable sources, and fear evoking descriptions to abolish its influence on American culture. What he writes has shown to be true; fast food has had a negative effect on society. While fast food may have some benefits, it’s detrimental in the long run. Day by day, the influence of fast food continues to grow and harm the American culture.

Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate

In the 1770s, Uthman dan Fodio, still in his early 20s, began preaching in his home state of Gobir in Western African. He was one of the many Fulani Islamic scholars pushing for the revitalization of Islam in the region and the rejection of allegedly pagan practices by Muslims. Within a few decades, dan Fodio would rise to become one of the most recognized names in nineteenth-century West Africa. Hijra and Jihad As a young man, dan Fodios reputation as a scholar grew quickly. His message of reform and his criticisms of the government found fertile ground in a period of growing dissent. Gobir was one of several Hausa states in what is now northern Nigeria. There was widespread dissatisfaction in these states, especially among the Fulani pastoralists from whom dan Fodio came. dan Fodios growing popularity soon led to persecution from the Gobir government, and he withdrew, performing the hijra—a migration from  Mecca to Yathrib—as the Prophet Muhammad had also done. After his hijra, dan Fodio launched a powerful jihad in 1804, and by 1809, he had established the Sokoto caliphate that would rule over much of northern Nigeria until it was conquered by the British in 1903. Sokoto Caliphate The Sokoto Caliphate was the largest state in West Africa in the nineteenth century, but it was really fifteen smaller states or emirates united under the authority of the Sultan of Sokoto. By 1809, leadership was already in the hands of one of dan Fodios sons, Muhammad Bello, who is credited with solidifying control and establishing much of the administrative structure of this large and powerful state. Under Bellos governance, the Caliphate followed a policy of religious tolerance, enabling non-Muslims to pay a tax rather than try to enforce conversions. The policy of relative tolerance as well as attempts to ensure impartial justice helped earn the state the support of the Hausa people within the region. The support of the populace was also achieved in part through the stability the state brought and the resulting expansion of trade. Policies toward Women Uthman dan Fodio followed a relatively conservative branch of Islam, but his adherence to Islamic law ensured that within the Sokoto Caliphate women enjoyed many legal rights. dan Fodio strongly believed that women too needed to be educated in the ways of Islam. This meant he wanted women in the mosques learning. For some women, this was an advance, but certainly not for all, as he also held that women should always obey their husbands, provided that the husbands will did not run counter to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad or Islamic laws. Uthman dan Fodio also, however, advocated against female genital cutting, which had been gaining a hold in the region at the time, ensuring that he is remembered as an advocate for women.

Medical Malpractice And Tort Reform - 1533 Words

Medical Malpractice and Tort Reform Within the realm of American tort law, medical malpractice is equated to professional negligence and is a highly debated issue. â€Å"The government estimates that between 44,000 and 98,000 people die each year in hospitals due to medical mistakes, the vast majority of them preventable† (Lau Johnson, 2011). In differentiating this type of tort from standard negligence claims, similarities and differences are illustrated through the elements of a cause of action and available defenses. In further examination of the issue, ethical questions arise in regards to malpractice tort reform, which can be analyzed through the presentation of multiple professional perspectives as well as previous tort cases in order to expose the multi-faceted issue at hand. Four Elements of a Medical Malpractice Cause of Action First, in order for a plaintiff to prevail through a medical malpractice cause of action, four key elements must be proven. Initially, the existence of a patient-provider relationship must be evident. Additionally, there must be an establishment of a medical standard of care. This foundational element pertains to the appropriate level of care under the circumstances, essentially the average degree of care and skill of similar health care providers. The third element which must be proven is a breach of that medical standard of care. By contrasting the care provided in the specific case to the typically appropriate level of care expected from aShow MoreRelatedMedical Malpractice And Tort Reform960 Words   |  4 PagesMedical Malpractice and Tort Reform Medical Malpractice consists of negligence committed by a medical professional. There are many possible events that can occur in the practice of medicine. When physician make a medical error it could possible result in an injury. We often put our faith in doctor to make the right medical decision for us. However, medical malpractice does not always hold up since some patient can take advance of the system. There are some defenses that exist when talking about theRead MoreTort Reform And Medical Malpractice1083 Words   |  5 PagesTort reform has intense arguments to both sides and creates a myriad of concerns. On one side of the tort reform movement, defendants such as corporations and medical professionals want limits on the damages awarded to the plaintiff. The benefit of tort reform for defendant is the financial savings. However, a cap placed on medical malpractice cases and other cases that are of negligence would standardize the monetary compensation regardless of the dama ge. In my opinion, Medical malpractice tortRead MoreDefensive Medicine1354 Words   |  6 Pages Abstract Our Nation is currently engaged in a debate about the future of health care in America. Health care reform has several platforms to be addressed in order for it to be successfully implemented. Tort reform, being one of those platforms, is proposed as one solution to the rapidly increasing health care cost in the United States. Careful reform of medical malpractice laws can lower administrative costs and health spending. This will also lead to improved patient safety and steer physiciansRead MoreMedical Malpractice Conditions in Ohio1502 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿Medical Malpractice Statutes and Procedures in Ohio and Michigan Today Introduction Across the country, there are calls for medical malpractice tort reform based on the perception of frivolous lawsuits by patients with patients without valid claims and less-than-scrupulous lawyers are willing to prosecute them. On the one hand, the fact that some plaintiffs have received enormous settlements as a result of their medical malpractice lawsuits further fuels the debate that tort reform is neededRead MoreEssay on Health Care and Tort Reform1583 Words   |  7 PagesRising health care costs have caused a national crisis, and all agree we must embrace reform. President Obama has initiated his national health care plan in the hopes of decreasing some of the inflated costs. When attempting to resolve this issue, one must always address the root of the problem. A large portion of these inflationary costs stem from malpractice lawsuits, and so begins the debate for tort reform: legislation which would cut the costs of health care by reducing the risk of civil litigationRead MoreReform Malpractice Laws to Create True Healthcare Reform Introduction1610 Words   |  7 Pagesenough has been done to defend against being sued for malpractice. On the other side is the patient with a need for someone to blame for his or her condition and seeing the doctor as the sole reason for any injured state. This division between doctor and patient has led to a practice called defensive medicine and it has also created a healthcare system riddled with inefficiency and in need of an overhaul. There is talk of healthcare reform and how it is important to control costs to the patientRead MoreA Brief Note On Torts And Consumer Protection1322 Words   |  6 PagesTorts and Consumer Protection We have all heard about different malpractice cases whether on line, in the news or personal experiences. Throughout the years, many medical procedures have been changed due to new technology and doctors have been tasked with learning new procedures; and following these procedures that are set forth based on the equipment. Unfortunately for some doctors, patients have been killed, limbs removed in error amongst other medical conditions that are irreversible becauseRead MoreThe Medical Malpractice Liability System1515 Words   |  7 PagesA tort action is brought about through provisions of private law and asserts that one party has experienced harm from the actions of another party and that the injured person seeks compensation for the harm (Pozgar Santucci, 2009). Tort reforms are connected to shifts in medical malpractice law since the 1980’s when moves were made to change from court-decided Common Law to incorporation of statutes from many state legislatures (Waters, Bu detti, Claxton, Lundy, 2007). This paper will discussRead MoreThe Issue Of Tort Reform1230 Words   |  5 PagesTort reform is a term propagated by companies in the tobacco and asbestos industries vulnerable to legal actions seeking damages for the impacts to their products. Advocates use the terminology to limit the ability and potential damages available to individuals who take legal actions against companies. In 2002, the consumer advocacy organization Center for Justice and Democracy investigated the U.S. tort reform and saw that the rally was actually a massive national PR effort initiated by theRead MoreHot Coffee, By Susan Saladoff1525 Words   |  7 Pagesdocumentary film that was created by Susan Saladoff in 2011 that analyzes the impact of the tort reform on the United States judicial system. The title and the basis of the film is derived from the Liebeck v. McDonald’s restaurants lawsuit where Liebeck had burned herself after spilling hot coffee purchased from McDonald’s into her lap. The film features four different suits that may involve the tort reform. This film included many comments from politicians and celebrities about the case. There

Guidelines For A Project Management - 3388 Words

Term Paper-PMP S.No Titles Page No. 1 Earning PMP 01 2 Criteria’s need to meet for PMP 04 3 Taking PMP Exam 04 4 Integration Management 05 5 Procurement Management 07 6 H/R Management 09 7 Conclusion 12 How can you go about earning your PMP? Project management is a really attractive profession for those who are serious about career in the line. The PMP is globally well recognized certification with a curriculum broad enough to apply to project environments in almost any industry, while offering good enough specifics to sharpen your everyday project management skills PMP is a one of the valuable course, but how to get it is a little more difficult thing. There is a no. of prerequisites you should have three†¦show more content†¦After that, you’ll have to spend a substantial amount of time learning about the around 10 knowledge areas covered in the project management reference book provided by Project Management Institute itself. The book name is PMBOK (Project Management Body of Knowledge), with this book a person can manage most of the projects on most of the time.The questions of PMP exams are based on this book. And these will include managing a project’s scope, time and cost, and also how the entire project is integrated into one cohesive whole. And other core knowledge areas include quality and human resource management, and also managing communications, risk, all procurement activities and also stakeholder’s relationships. Each and every of these 10 knowledge areas house a variety of different processes that will speak to the actual work that must and should be done in managing a project. Developing project’s charter and sequencing all project exercises are two samples of such processes. Each and every process has a variety of inputs, tools and techniques, and also outputs associated with it, which provide a most general framework for managing any kind of project. In any project, somany of these processes might be more or less useful or critical when compared to othersuchprocesses. More often, the processes project managers focus most on align with their project’s unique constraints or priorities or conditions, whether that means putting a heavy

Darwin Symphony Orchestra Target Groups †Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Darwin Symphony Orchestra Target Groups? Answer: Introduction The Darwin Symphony Orchestrais a large instrumental ensemblethat is based in Darwin, Australia. It was established in the year 1989. It has successfully maintained its presence in its industry and it has performed in numerous parts of the globe including Jabiru, Tennant Creek, Alice Springs, Groote Eylandt, etc. Its activities in the community play an important role in enriching the Australian culture. It performs 8 concerts on an annual basis. It includes over 65 volunteer musicians in its group who live and work inside the Darwin community. It believes in holding concerts at most remote locations and crosses all kinds of cultural boundaries (Assefa, Hermes Meesters, 2013). The orchestrais involved in exhilarating events that bring a diverse set of musicians and artists on the forefront and provide a dynamic and engaging experience to the community. It is vital to understand their marketing skills and strategies in a number of contexts like business to business activity and business to consumer activity. As per Bolton, Santos Scheinkman, this assessment activity will help to understand Darwin Symphony Orchestras marketing situation and various kinds of challenges that if faces in the current business scenario. It also focuses on the different target groups of the orchestra team (Bolton, Santos Scheinkman, 2016). The marketing mix which is a crucial aspect of any business enterprising existing in the market has been identified so that different strategies can be understood which has helped it to have a sustainable growth in the ever-changing external environment. In the current times when many orchestras are going bankrupt and shutting their business, the strong performance of Darwin Symphony Orchestrais mainly due to its effective marketing tactics which will be covered below. Darwin symphony orchestra Target Groups As per Charwand, et al, one of the most significant marketing activities of the orchestra marketers is the identification of appropriate target groups in the existing market. This activity is important since it moulds the business further marketing model and operations. The core for the existence of the Darwin symphony orchestra and its live performances of masterpieces is its target group (Charwand, et al., 2015). The target groups of the orchestra mostly focuses on the entire market comprising of individuals and groups that are interested in this specific art form. It comprises of different kinds of stakeholders encompassing children, youth, adults, disabled patrons, potential and existing music composers, media, local community, funding bodies, local and national government, etc. The orchestra group also focus on maintaining a health public relation so that the news media will give a proper coverage for its events and activities (Day, Harris Wassink, 2013). Key target groups The key target groups include a variety of set of sections that influence the performance of the orchestra. The audiences are one of the most significant stakeholders of the Darwin Symphony Orchestra since the orchestra exists to serve them. Some of the important target groups of the popular Australian continent have been covered in this section. Audience According to Droli, et al, the target audience includes the core audience, first-time orchestra visitors, non committed members, special occasion audience, high potentials, etc. The audience includes people from different age groups including children, adults, middle-aged audience, elder generation audience, etc. (Droli, et al., 2014). Its huge target audience focus helps it to have a sustainable growth in the ever-changing market. Its focus on a diverse and culturally significant model helps it to target the entire market which includes thousands of music lovers. Media The unique and bold projects that are conducted by the orchestra at various remote locations like Uluru, etc increase the role of media like journalists, news agents from around the world who cover the story. Its focus on a variety of musical taste and style amuses this section of the target market (Duncan, 2016). Local-based arts organisationsThe Darwin Symphony Orchestras collaboration with different art organisations and educational institutes offers different opportunities for the Australian community to engage with this orchestra group like participating in its frequent performance with the community music, dance ensembles. Its regular association with indigenous artists adds to its diversified performance (Fung, Zhou Zhu, 2016). State and Federal Government These bodies are vital for the sustainable existence of the Darwin Symphony orchestra since a major part of its funds come from the state and federal government of Australia. Market Buyer behaviour of Business to Customer Market As per Game Gregoriou, the business to customer model is a vital model which focuses on the transactions that occur between a business undertaking and a customer. It is vital to understand this concept in the Darwin Symphony Orchestrascenario so that accordingly an effective marketing mix system can be devised (Game Gregoriou, 2016). It is vital in this scenario to understand the buying behaviours of the end-users or audience of the orchestra. This concept basically focuses on the audience group including the music lovers who come to enjoy the performances. Key Concepts and Theories The buyer decision-making process involves a number of sub processes like to understand the innate desire to watch a musical performance with family, friends, etc, the process of searching and gathering information relating to the available options in hand like kinds of orchestra performance, musical concerts, etc, evaluating and choosing out of the various entertainment options available at hand, deciding the best alternative which meets his needs and desires, finally making the purchase of the specific service in order to have an enriching experience and finally making a post-purchase evaluation to understand whether the purchase decision was right or wrong. According to Hamadani Janes, Patrick Dotsika, the Darwin Symphony orchestra takes all these processes into consideration before devising its marketing strategy to attract the customers in the market. The customer motivation is a vital aspect which refers to the inner-drive of the customer i.e. audience in this case which creates his inclination towards arts and creative performances. Generally the attribute of the orchestra audience is their liking for artistic performance (Hamadani Janes, Patrick Dotsika, 2014).The perception that the people have towards the Darwin Symphony orchestra plays a vital role for its sustainable growth in the market. Since it offers a delightful experience to its target groups by focusing on a diversified portfolio of activities, the customers or audiences have a positive perception regarding its creative performances. As per Hes Polednkov, the customer-set gain knowledge about the orchestra and its performance from various sources including different forms of media such as journalists, news channels, agents, family and friends who have visited the Darwin Symphony orchestra before. These inputs give them an idea about the kind of performances that are conducted by the group and its unique attributes (Hes Polednkov, 2013). The group and social influencing factors also plays a vital role in the buying behaviour of a customer. Positive and favourable reviews motivate the customer to visit the orchestra and have a firsthand experience of the quality performances, concerts and events that are conducted by the Darwin Symphony orchestra. Importance of Psychological theory related to buying behaviour B2C The various psychological aspects play a vital role in the overall buying behaviour of the customer. It includes aspects like motivation and need, perception, attention, retention, learning and conditioning and beliefs and attitude. This is a vital aspect for any marketer including the Darwin Symphony orchestra since it determines their sustainability in the external market environment. Motivation The motivation factor for the audience of Darwin Symphony orchestra would be the inclination and liking of diverse events and performances that are conducted by the orchestra group. This is not a very basic need in the Maslow's hierarchical pyramid of needs so its priority is not very high. Perception, Attention, Retention This aspect of the psychological theory relates to the impression that the consumers have about an offering in the market based on information. The Darwin Symphony orchestra has the strong reputation of delivering enriching and rich performances which are loved by its audience group. This work of mouth helps it to have a positive and strong position in the minds of the consumers. Learning and Conditioning The advertisement and media coverage aspect of a business helps consumers to make decisions whether to select its product or not. Darwin Symphony orchestra always fascinates the media with its unique events and location selection strategy. The media highly appreciates and tries to cover all its concerts, shows to help it gain a stronger customer base in the market. Belief and Attitude The Darwin Symphony orchestra has successfully created a strong brand which helps the audience and customers to belief in its delivery of service. It creates strong values which attracts customers in form of audiences to its business. As per Kumar, the other personal factors that influence the buying behaviour of the customer section of the overall community include their personality, emotional aspects, behaviour and attitude. These internal attributes that are inbuilt in an individual encourage or discourage a customer to try out something new that is available in the market scenario (Kumar, 2013). So the positive inclination towards art or musical form encourages the audience group to visit one of the most popular orchestra present in Australia - Darwin Symphony Orchestra. Darwin Symphony Orchestra model According to Kumar Nordin, the impressive set of activities that are conducted by the orchestra group such as indoor symphonic shows, free outdoor family-oriented activities, etc make sure that some activity or the other, suits the tastes of every participant of the community. It allows the masses to experience the majesty of the symphony orchestra in the modern times and environment (Kumar Nordin, 2014, July). This orchestra adopts a strong tradition of advocating the Australian arts, culture and music. Its emphasis on the value of accessibility, community volunteering and energetic ambience has played a vital role for enabling the orchestra group to flourish for over 25 long years. The Darwin Symphony Orchestra has slowly and steadily established itself as one of the most diverse and culturally influencing orchestra or musical association that focuses on its entire audience group from different corners of the location (Lee, McNulty Shaffer, 2015). Events held by Darwin Symphony Orchestra Some of the creative events held by the Australian orchestra group have been included in this section so that it would give a better understanding of their tactic to satisfy the needs and desire of the general audience (Mbawuni Nimako, 2014). The orchestra performs outdoor gala events at its beautiful and glorious setting ofDarwin Waterfront, it conducts a number of symphonic rock tributes which is highly popular among the masses that enjoy rock shows and concerts,it also organises events where kids stories are told through music. It also explores the power of cinema and showcases the most successful pieces from different film composers (Mclaughlin Fearon, 2013). This list just shows its focus on different sections of the customers including children, movie buffs, family-oriented audience, etc. It believes that all its customers should enjoy the classical experience offered by the orchestra and it firmly believes in its ability to enthral the audiences including the young and the old. Recommendations for Marketing Mix in Business to Customer Market The marketing mix of any business undertaking is a crucial marketing tool which directly influences the performance of the business in the market. In the specific case relating to the Darwin Symphony Orchestra the below marketing mix elements namely product, price, place and promotion have been recommended that can enhance its business to a greater degree. Product The events of the orchestra group are already unique in nature but it should also try to highlight the cultural aspects of other places and locations so the audience within the community will be exposed to different kinds of cultural models that are present in the current time. This feature in its events will further arouse the interest of the foreign people who live in the continent (Meyer, 2014). Price The orchestra group can introduce a broader range of the prices of its tickets so that its performances can be enjoyed by a greater section of the society. This strategy will further enhance its position and presence in the market. Place The Darwin Symphony Orchestra can focus on conducting shows and events in more number of locations which will help it to strengthen its presence in the entire Australian continent. Promotion The orchestra group can try to increase its association with the active and popular musical artists who perform in the entertainment industry since this kind of strategy will expand its overall presence and recognition quality. All the above recommendations relating to the marketing mix of Darwin Symphony Orchestracan be adopted in its marketing strategy and business environment in order to have a better and effective presence. Market Buyer behaviour of Business to Business model As per Mukerjee, the business to business marketing model is very different from the business to customer concept. When a business, in this case the popular Darwin Symphony orchestra focuses on a specific business instead of an individual customer it adopts the business-to-business marketing model. This aspect itself increases its performance and operation magnitude in the external business environment. In the situation where there are two or more business entities the transaction value increases (Mukerjee, 2013). Since every market has two segments namely consumer market and business market, it is vital for the Darwin Symphony orchestra to identify its business markets and analyse the business buying behaviour (Ortiz, 2014). It is vital to understand that the business buying behaviour of an entity is influenced by a series of external and internal factors such as economic health, business entity, individual and other interpersonal elements. Key Elements of buyer behaviour According to Osula Ng, the economic factors that affect the business to business model of the Darwin Symphony Orchestra include the changes in the regulatory system, technological innovations, competition intensity, monetary policy and fiscal policy in the economy. Its business customers are pretty active in tracking and assessing the number of economic elements that exist in the business environment (Osula Ng, 2014). The internal firm-level factors also play a major role in influencing their buying behaviour, for example size of business, financial strength, etc. It is crucial to identify and analyse the various elements which play a key role to influence the buying behaviour of the business customers of Darwin Symphony Orchestra. The buying process that is involved in this particular marketing model is based on much rational grounds as compared to the business to customer system. There is no case of impulse buying in this scenario since a large number of factors and their bearing on the business has to be considered before a business entity becomes a customer of an orchestra business, in this case Darwin Symphony Orchestra (Pietrasie?ski ?lusarczyk, 2015). Some of the vital and common business customers of Darwin Symphony Orchestra include their location partners who give them the desired platform to perform on, different educational institutions, domestic and territory-based arts organisations, etc. Importance of Psychological theory related to buying behaviour B2B In the business to business context, the psychological aspects play a less vital role in the overall buying behaviour of the business customer. The overall concept remains similar since it involves the identification of need, product specification and evaluation of suppliers, purchase decision and post purchase behaviour. But it is not related to the psychological aspects but business-oriented aspects. Need Identification It is vital irrespective of the fact whether buyer is a business or a customer. Businesses are able to proactively identify their need since it is part of their overall business strategy. Example The business which offers a background to the orchestra will analyse its performance trend in market and accordingly decide to have a business relation. Product specification and evaluation of suppliers It has no psychological impact since businesses mainly focus on money-making activity and maintaining profitability in market. Purchase decision The purchase decision is based on the actual needs which can enhance their market position in the market so in such situation there is minimum psychological impact while selecting an offering in the market. Thus the psychological theories are more relevant in the business to customer market instead of the business too business market. Unpacking buyer behaviour model The proper and effective assessment of the buying behaviour is vital for any business entity that exists in the market. This activity can determine its overall business operations and productivity in the entire market. For the Darwin Symphony Orchestra group it is vital to understand and analyse its business buyer elements and characteristics and the business buyer decision-making process (PLC, 2015). This model is crucial to understand the buyer behaviour and according bring about relevant changes that can be attractive for the purchasing party. The business to business activity is basically a change management process where the buying entities have a strong bias or dislike against changing marketing conditions. Mostly sales-related issues or dysfunctionality arises due to large and diverse buying team members that influence the overall buying decision-making process (Rajaretnam Young, 2015). The unpacking buyer behaviour framework has significant impact on the overall execution efficacy and business results of the Darwin Symphony Orchestra in the prevailing business environment. Structure description of buyer behaviour The analysis of the buying behaviour of the customer group, whether it is an individual customer or a business entity is vital for all business firms that operate in the current environment. This aspect is vital to understand whether the existence of the business is valuable or not for its customers. It is vital in the business to customer context and in the business to business context. This vital component is crucial for the Darwin Symphony Orchestras performances since based on the decision-making process of its customers the Australian orchestra group introduce the event and concert theme. It is crucial to identify and understand all the underlying structures that are involved in the entire buyer behaviour while selecting a product or service in the huge market (Salem, et al., 2013). In theoretical language, the buyer behaviour refers to the buying habits of the individual customers or a cluster of customers which includes their perception, needs and wants or desires, decision-making factor and satisfaction or delight level. Basically there are four kinds of buyer behaviour models namely economic model, learning theory model, information processing model and psychoanalytic model. For any business undertaking which is operating in the external market conditions in the present unpredictable environment, it is essential to observe and analyse the buying behaviour which keeps on changing based on their tends and needs. In case of the Darwin Symphony Orchestra, the group has effectively sustained in the ever changing musical industry due to its focus on the trend of its customer-base and its sheer determination to provide a diverse and creative performance to its different audience groups. It is vital to analyse each and every structure of the buyer behaviour model so that the business entity can understand the attitude and personality of its customers and change its style of business and operations so that it will not go out of style and will be favourable preferred by its customers(Salerno, et al., 2015). The customer purchasing behaviour is made up of a number of underlying elements like selection process, previous experience, and idea of receiving satisfying experience. The subject relating to the customer behaviour is related to all the aspects of the overall purchasing behaviour. The orchestra audiences are the ones who have a positive inclination towards creative form of arts and it is vital for the Darwin Symphony Orchestra to establish an engaging experience with its audience so that they will be able to have a participation in the specific event or performance (Wheeler Chapman-Novakofski, 2014). Recommendations for Marketing Mix in Business to Business Market The marketing mix includes the vital elements without which a business cannot be established. In case of the business to business market scenario of the Darwin Symphony Orchestra, it is vital to consider the different kinds of external and internal factors that have the ability to influence the business performance in the entire market system. The elements of the marketing mix that have been considered in the current business scenario are product/service, price, place and promotion (Tiago Verssimo, 2014). It is essential to create an effective marketing mix after considering all the features that might have any kind of impact on the business profitability of the Australian orchestra group. Product/ Service In the business to business scenario of the Darwin Symphony Orchestra this segment of marketing mix involves any kind of service that the orchestra group is offering to a business client. Example If it the orchestra band is performing in a museum set-up then the museum firm is its business partner and it might offer to promote the museum in the entire community (Trottier, 2016). Price While fixing or charging the price to a business firm, it is vital for the Darwin Symphony Orchestra group to take into consideration a number of external elements that influence the overall price structure in the market. This is a vital aspect for the orchestra otherwise it might have an adverse impact on the overall performance and profitability of the group (Tiepolo, 2015). Place As per Trottier, the place refers to the location where the business to business transition is carried out by the Darwin Symphony Orchestra and its business partner. It might be a new location where it is conducting its event or performance (Trottier, 2016). Thus it is important for the group to expand its performance base so that this element of the marketing mix can be explored further and it can enhance the overall performance and position of the Australian orchestra group. Promotion The promotion is a vital aspect in the business to business marketing scenario since there is intense competition in the current market environment. Since a number of orchestra groups have gone bankrupt and shut down their business and operations, it is important to understand the promotional strategy adopted by the Darwin Symphony Orchestra which has helped it to perform in a sustainable manner in the business to business context (Wheeler Chapman-Novakofski, 2014). The Australian orchestras focus on innovative, creative and diverse operations has helped it to sustain in the uncertain business environment. The territorial expansion of the orchestra can help it to promote its business and get more recognition in the business to business marketing scene. Darwin Symphony Orchestra application of customer behavioural theory The thorough and effective analysis of the customer behavioural theory is vital to establish a solid and productive marketing mix by the Darwin Symphony Orchestra since it affects and influence its entire operations in the market environment. The behaviour and attitude of the customers is vital since it indicates any kind of change in their taste and preference. This aspect has helped the Australian orchestra group to change the concept of its events and performances as per the changing needs and wants of its target audience group. The application of customer relationship management plays a key role to understand the changing trend in the buying behaviour of the customers. This database helps business firms to assess the loyal base of customers and accordingly helps it to target the people in the entire market so that it can expand its loyal customer base (Tiago Verssimo, 2014). The effective application of the customer behavioural theory helps the Darwin Symphony Orchestra to focus on its marketing mix, and incorporate diverse and creative events, concerts, performances that targets different age group of people including both the young section and the old section (Tiepolo, 2015). This strategy has helped the business to have an effective marketing mix model which helps it to have a sustainable growth in the ever-changing business scenario. Conclusion The vitality of the analysis of the prevailing marketing scenario of any kind of business entity is vital since the theories and concepts remain the same. In this particular case, the marketing scenario relating to the business to customer market and the business to business market of the Darwin Symphony Orchestra has been covered. This topic helps to understand the various elements that should be evaluated to dice on an effective marketing mix of the business concern. The customer behaviour is a vital theoretical concept that needs to be assessed by any business entity before making any kind of business strategic change or modification. This topic helps to identify and understand the overall business scenario which can be exploited by adopting an effective marketing strategy by a business firm. References Assefa, E., Hermes, N. and Meesters, A., 2013. Competition and the performance of microfinance institutions.Applied Financial Economics,23(9), pp.767-782. Bolton, P., Santos, T. and Scheinkman, J.A., 2016. Cream?Skimming in Financial Markets.The Journal of Finance. Charwand, M., Ahmadi, A., Heidari, A.R. and Nezhad, A.E., 2015. Benders decomposition and normal boundary intersection method for multiobjective decision making framework for an electricity retailer in energy markets.IEEE Systems Journal,9(4), pp.1475-1484. Day, R., Harris, C. and Wassink, B.K., 2013. Meeting the new demands of commercial banking clients.Financial Executive,29(3), pp.42-46. Droli, M., Chang, T.F.M., Iseppi, L. and Piccinini, L.C., 2014. Managing trade contacts in HotRest intermediate markets: a resource-based view analysis in EU countries.Tourism Economics,20(4), pp.757-778. Duncan, D.D., 2016. Communicating with Informal Sector Clients: A study of Strategies Employed by Ghana Commercial Bank and Unibank Ghana Limited.Studies in Media and Communication,4(1), pp.1-7. Fung, S.Y.K., Zhou, G.S. and Zhu, X.K., 2016. Monitor objectivity with important clients: Evidence from auditor opinions around the world.Journal of international business studies,47(3), pp.263-294. Game, A.M. and Gregoriou, A., 2016. Do brokers act in the best interests of their clients? New evidence from electronic trading systems.Business Ethics: A European Review,25(2), pp.187-197. Hamadani Janes, S., Patrick, K. and Dotsika, F., 2014. Implementing a social intranet in a professional services environment through Web 2.0 technologies.The Learning Organization,21(1), pp.26-47. Hes, T. and Polednkov, A., 2013. Correction of the claim for microfinance market of 1.5 billion clients.International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, (02), pp.18-31. Kumar, N., 2013. The importance of human capital in the early internationalisation of Indian knowledge-intensive service firms.International Journal of Technological Learning, Innovation and Development 2,6(1-2), pp.21-41. Kumar, N. and Nordin, F., 2014, July. SUSTAINING RELATIONSHIPS WITH CLIENTS IN KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE SERVICES CASE: INDIAN KNOWLEDGE-INTENSIVE FIRMS. In2014 Global Marketing Conference at Singapore(pp. 21-24). Lee, C.W., McNulty, K. and Shaffer, S., 2015. Civic-izing markets: Selling social profits in public deliberation. Democratizing Inequalities: Dilemmas of the New Public Participation. Mbawuni, J. and Nimako, S.G., 2014. Getting Loan Clients to Recommend Financial Service Providers: The Role of Satisfaction, Trust and Information Quality.Accounting and Finance Research,4(1), p.78. Mclaughlin, H. and Fearon, C., 2013. Understanding the development of port and regional relationships: a new cooperation/competition matrix.Maritime Policy Management,40(3), pp.278-294. Meyer, R.L., 2014. Innovative microfinance: potential for serving rural markets sustainably. InFinance for Food(pp. 89-113). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Mukerjee, K., 2013. Customer-oriented organizations: a framework for innovation.Journal of Business Strategy,34(3), pp.49-56. Ortiz, H., 2014. The limits of financial imagination: free investors, efficient markets, and crisis.American Anthropologist,116(1), pp.38-50. Osula, B. and Ng, E.C., 2014. Toward a collaborative, transformative model of non-profit leadership: Some conceptual building blocks.Administrative Sciences,4(2), pp.87-104. Pietrasie?ski, P. and ?lusarczyk, B., 2015. Internationalization of small and medium enterprises: empirical research review on barriers to entry into foreign markets.Polish Journal of Management Studies,11(1), pp.113-123. PLC, M.W., 2015. Annual Report and Accounts 2010.London, February,23. Rajaretnam, T. and Young, A., 2015. In the best interest of clients?: a reappraisal of the recent reforms in the regulations of financial advisors in Australia.International Company and Commercial Law Review,26(2), p.39. Salem, M.B., Secretariat, G., Oquendo, C. and Salem, D.M.B., 2013. By Electronic Mail. Salerno, M.S., de Vasconcelos Gomes, L.A., da Silva, D.O., Bagno, R.B. and Freitas, S.L.T.U., 2015. Innovation processes: Which process for which project?.Technovation,35, pp.59-70. Tiago, M.T.P.M.B. and Verssimo, J.M.C., 2014. Digital marketing and social media: Why bother?.Business Horizons,57(6), pp.703-708. Tiepolo, L., 2015.Certificates: too complicated for retail clients?(Bachelor's thesis, Universit Ca'Foscari Venezia). Trottier, D., 2016.Social media as surveillance: Rethinking visibility in a converging world. Routledge. Wheeler, A.L. and Chapman-Novakofski, K., 2014. Farmers' markets: costs compared with supermarkets, use among WIC clients, and relationship to fruit and vegetable intake and related psychosocial variables.Journal of nutrition education and behavior,46(3), pp.S65-S70.