Who Were the November Criminals

The nickname November Criminals was given to the German politicians who negotiated and signed the armistice which ended World War I  in November of 1918. The November Criminals were named so by German political opponents who thought the German army had enough strength to continue and that surrendering was a betrayal or crime, that the German army had not actually lost on the battlefront. These political opponents were chiefly right-wingers, and the idea that the November Criminals had ‘stabbed Germany in the back’ by engineering surrender was partly created by the German military itself, who maneuvered the situation so the civilians would be blamed for conceding a war that the generals also felt couldn’t be won, but which they didn’t wish to admit. Many of the November Criminals were a part of the early resistance members who eventually spearheaded the German Revolution of 1918 - 1919, several of which went on to serve as heads of the  Weimar Republic  which would serve as the basis for the post-war German reconstruction in the years to come. The Politicians Who Ended World War I In early 1918, World War One was raging and German forces on the western front were still holding conquered territory  but their forces were finite and being pushed to exhaustion while the enemies were benefitting from millions of fresh United States troops. While Germany might have won in the east, many troops were tied down holding their gains. The German commander Eric Ludendorff, therefore, decided to make one final great attack to try and break the western front open before the US arrived in strength. The attack made large gains at first but petered out and was pushed back; the allies followed this up by inflicting The Black Day of the German Army when they started to push the Germans back beyond their defenses, and Ludendorff suffered a mental breakdown. When he recovered, Ludendorff decided Germany could not win and would need to seek an armistice, but he also knew the military would be blamed, and decided to move this blame elsewhere. Power was transferred to a civilian government, who had to go surrender and negotiate a peace, allowing the military to stand back and claim they could have carried on: after all, Germans forces were still in enemy territory. As Germany went through a transition from imperial military command to a socialist revolution that led to a democratic government, the old soldiers blamed these November Criminals for abandoning the war effort. Hindenburg, Ludendorff’s notional superior, said the Germans had been stabbed in the back by these civilians, and the Treaty of Versailles’ harsh terms did nothing to prevent the criminals idea festering. In all of this, the military escaped the blame and was seen as exceptional while the emerging socialists were held falsely at fault. Exploitation: From Soldiers to Hitlers Revisionist History Conservative politicians against the quasi-socialist reform and restoration efforts of the Weimar Republic capitalized on this myth and spread it through much of the 1920s, targeting those that agreed with former soldiers who felt they had wrongfully been told to cease fighting, which led to much civic unrest from right-wing groups at the time. When Adolf Hitler emerged in the German political scene later that decade, he recruited these ex-soldiers, military elites, and disaffect men who believed those in power had rolled over for the Allied Armies, taking their dictation instead of negotiating a proper treaty. Hitler  wielded the stab in the back myth  and the November Criminals surgically to enhance his own power and plans. He used this narrative that Marxists, Socialists, Jews, and traitors had caused the failure of Germany in the Great War (in which Hitler had fought and been injured) and found widespread followers of the lie in the post-war German population. This played a key and direct role in Hitlers rise to power, capitalizing on the egos and fears of the citizenry, and its ultimately why people should still be wary of what they regard as real history — after all, its the victors of wars that write the history books, so people like Hitler most certainly tried to rewrite some history!

Memory Loss In Memory - 853 Words

One study measured memory capacity through different number of words recalled as well as memory efficiency (through selectivity based on value assigned to different words) in different age groups (Castel et al., 2011). This differs from tests looking at episodic memory (free recall) by examining control of attention can result in encoding high-value information. Age-related differences were found in memory capacity (through number of words recalled). This study used a selectivity task where participants were asked to study and recall items assigned different values. They found that memory peaked in young adulthood (aged 18-23) and started to decline across middle to older adulthood (45 to 96 years) in a near linear relationship. However,†¦show more content†¦However, the context in which information is repeated is important for remembering the information (English Visser, 2014). For instance, in one study, memory declined for prolonged repetition of items under incidental-l earning, whereas when learning was intentional, memory improved (English Visser, 2014). Capacity of attentional focus is another important consideration for lesson designs, Cowan suggests limiting to four chunks of concepts (Cowan, 2001). Another method for improving memory is encouraging students to develop their own meaningful mnemonics for word recall(Hill, Allen, Gregory, 1990). One study looked at enhancing free recall performance in older adults. Researchers examined recall immediately after and 2 days after participants were presented with 19 nouns and given seven minutes to commit them to memory. Participants who generated their own well-articulated mnemonic performed better than those who reported repetition or simple associations. Additionally, researchers have found that despite learning without errors being the normative approach (Cyr Anderson, 2012; Metcalfe, 2017), trial and error learning compared to errorless learning was associated with better source memory (Cyr Anderson, 2012; Metcalfe, 2017), this was especially the case in older adults (Cyr Anderson, 2012). Making errors and receiving subsequent corrective feedback was beneficial forShow MoreRelatedThe Causes Of Memory Loss1017 Words   |  5 PagesMemory loss is seen all over the world. About forty percent of people over 65 in United States experience memory impairment in their life which is about sixteen million people (Small. 2002). Memory loss is the inability to remember events that happened to you, or events that were important to you. 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Essay on Organizational Management - 1583 Words

Managing Changes Ââ€" Renewing Organizational Structure and Culture In their 2005 book, Understanding and Managing: Organizational Behavior, Jennifer George and Gareth Jones define organizational structure as the formal system of task and reporting relationships that controls, coordinates, and motivates employees so that they cooperate and work together to achieve an organizations goals. A logical consequence to an organizations structure is the resulting culture, which George and Jones further define as the set of shared values, beliefs, and norms that influences the way employees think, feel, and behave toward each other and toward people outside the organization. Finding the right structure for ones organization is vital to its†¦show more content†¦FMC Aberdeen and FMC Green River, both in the northern mid-west of the United States, share a common ‘parent company, corporate guidelines and image, and similar operating values and systems. Their management teams, however, have several obvious differences. Organizational strategy, s tructure, and culture are among the more striking distinctions between the two sister plants. Green River is a multi-facility entity where management is very structured and hierarchical, and produces multiple products for multiple customers. Green Rivers transactional management model lacks an ability to share information, share decision-making responsibilities, and does not encourage teamwork. Conversely, Aberdeens participatory management model, single product, and single customer design sets itself apart not only from Green River, but from any other FMC facility. Bob Lancaster, Aberdeens pioneering transformational leader held the belief that an organization cannot exist in an environment of fear, and that universal trust and respect are the foundation of a successful company, and the key to organizational commitment. Aberdeen and Green River face unique challenges, which necessitate distinct approaches tailored specifically to each organization. Organizational Structure Ken Dailey, the Green River Plant Manager has observed and researched the structure, strategy and culture at the Aberdeen facility. HeShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Theory Of Organizational Management1488 Words   |  6 PagesOrganizational theory studies the various variables that influence the behavior of an individual(s) working within an organization, but also, â€Å"prescribes how work and workers ought to be organized and attempts to explain the actual consequences of organizational behavior (including individual actions) on work being performed and on the organization itself.† (Milakovich Gordon, 2013, p.145). 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Leaders are those who hope that the relationship between the leadersRead MoreOrganizational and Management Theory1394 Words   |  6 Pages   Organization and Management Analysis HCS/514 Managing in Today’s Health Care Organizations Organizational Theories Organizational theory as it applies to health care introduces a complex and challenging situation. The health care environment introduces challenges to a structured organization which may not be present in traditional business. For example, measuring output may be difficult in an environment of daily uncertainty, it would be nearly impossible to predict or plan for all ofRead MoreManagement and Organizational Behavior7241 Words   |  29 PagesChapter 1: Introducing Organizational Behavior True/False 1. Organizational behavior is the study of human behavior in organizations. Ans: True Difficulty: Easy Response: See page 4 Reference: Introducing Organizational Behavior 2. 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Man on Fire Summary and Analysis Essay - 644 Words

Bullet of Truth: A Brief Summary and Analysis of How a Bullet Never Lies Thesis Statement: In the Man on Fire Suicide Scene, Creasy proves that a bullet never lies. Summary of Man on Fire Suicide Scene: In the movie Man on Fire, criminal gangs are kidnapping children from the wealthy in Mexico City and demanding ransom money for the young ones. Because of the rise in kidnapping, John Creasy, ex counterinsurgent, is hired by a rich man to be a bodyguard for his daughter. He is sitting in the room he is given when he gets up to place a CD in the player. The music begins to play and revels a woman singing, Creasy is now laying on the couch. He then takes a long pull from a bottle of Jack Daniels, places his hand on his head and†¦show more content†¦He pulls out a gun and a rush is felt when he does. He releases the bullet and walks around practicing the moves which are like a second nature to him now. Drinking away more and more of his sorrows and feelings he felt while in a job bred for killing, the bullet eyeing him from the spot on the ground where is had fallen. He then has the gun again, everything pounding in his head. When he brings it up to head, thinking that the end is much better than how he feels now. He begins to pull the trigger, the music and tension then change and Creasy puts the gun down and saves the bullet. This scene shows that a bullet will never lie and reveals the true feelings of a person. Commentary In my summary, I draw facts directly from the movie. The plot of the scene was just a choice. I choose to use how he reacted with the gun and the bullet as a main focus for me analysis. In my analysis, I used the details provided in my summary to support a brief argument about how when someone is put in a life or death situation, their true colors shine and true feelings are revealed. Word Count: 589 Works Cited Man o\On Fire. Dir. Tony Scott. Perf. 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Jack s Survival Strategies And Patterns Of Adaptation Essay

Jack’s Survival Strategies and Patterns of Adaptation As a child, Jack’s life was extremely structured and contained. Ma was Jack’s source for everything, including his survival. When Ma took a â€Å"gone day,† Jack coped with her lack of response by withdrawing into his own world, reading, drawing, watching TV, and sleeping. As Jack grew, his inner resources of creativity and imagination increased and helped him to cope with his isolation and anxiety. When Jack finally experienced the vast world of people and spaces, Ma remained his only real interpersonal connection. When Ma attempted suicide and left Jack alone for an extended period, he once again retreated to his inner world, playing in a closet. In his adolescence, Jack did well academically, but his social anxiety and substance abuse became more pervasive, and as he grew to adulthood, he expressed a preoccupied attachment style in his relationships, repeating his childhood ambivalence toward Ma. 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Public Policy Role of Committees in Parliament

Question: Discuss about thePublic Policyfor Role of Committees in Parliament. Answer: Introduction The aim of this essay is to determine the role of committees in the Parliamentary system. A Parliamentary committee can be described as a group of members or Senators that are appointed to undertake particular tasks. The committees are appointed by either one or both houses of the Parliament (Aph.gov.au 2017). The Parliament plays the role of forming the basis of responsible government. It also includes the sub functions of providing finances or legislating. There is accountability where the people are accountable through the legislature. The facilitating members of the Parliament discuss the issues of national concern (Hickman 2015). This essay also analyses the level of contribution of committee in policy making. There are several types of committees- standing committee, estimate committees and select committees. The standing committee continuously focuses on assessing bills and specific issues such as education, employment and others (Aph.gov.au 2017). Further, the select committees are established to investigate policy issues related to agriculture, manufacturing or any other relevant businesses. The estimate committees meet up thrice a year and scrutinize allocation of budget funds. In the recent times, committees have gained importance in the Parliament as it is complex to make laws (Reynolds and Williams 2016). The committees are meant to perform functions that are not performed by the houses themselves such as discussing detailed matters, conducting inquiries, sifting evidence, hearing witnesses and concluding after evaluation. Such tasks are more effectively conducted by a small group of Senators or/and members. The parliamentary committees look into specific government administration or policy matters. Other committees look after the internal administration of the Parliament. It is not possible to look after all the things in the Parliament. The committees play a crucial role in investigating the case, sifting evidence and drawing logical conclusions. Such work is more suitable for a small group of members rather than the entire House. These are the general functions performed by the parliamentary committees (Rogers and Walters 2015). Further, the committees are frequently adopted to provide summary of works and accountability of government agencies within specific portfolios. The accountability functions of the committees include jobs such as compelling the attendance of people, conducting inquiries, presenting documents, preparing reports and providing recommendations to parliament. Further, the committees are also an important part of legislative process where public can give their input. The committees play a role of enabling direct contact between the common people and representative groups of Parliament for smooth flow of information. The committees facilitate the level of collegiality between political parties and members who otherwise do not have the opportunity to work with one another (Giddings 2014). The committee contributes to the policy process. There are different phases in the policy cycle- strategic investigation, appraisal of legislation, scrutiny and review. In the first phase, strategic investigation, the policy options and ideas are presented. The parliamentary committees can contribute independently for several policy options. In the second phase, appraisal of legislation that is another prospective phase of policy development, the scope of policy preferences is addressed (Aph.gov.au 2017). In the third phase scrutiny, the phase of policy development is backward looking. The established programs and policies are evaluated so that necessary changes in the department can be made. This stage is more prospective as it is done with an anticipation of future changes. The last stage is review in which only the broad and retrospective issues are covered. The policy gaps and expansive inquiries related to policy are reviewed. The sub-national or organizational issues are also c onsidered that involve neither security nor legislative appraisal (Huber and Shackleton 2013). The committees are considered as a substantial element in the organizational structure in the Australian Parliament. The members spend much time in the committee meetings and establishing the public expectations regarding the changes in policy process. The committees affect policies significantly. This can be justified by examining the two ways in which committees affect policies (Directory.gov.au 2017). Firstly, the impact on public policies can be considered by reviewing the reports and recommendations. The acceptance and implementation of recommendations by government is a measure, but it is difficult to do so in a limited scenario. The interpretation of statistical data becomes difficult at the bureaucratic level. It is important to differentiate broader processes based on the type of impact on government as well as public policy debate (Webster et al. 2012). The Australian parliament committees engage in the policy process with bureaucracy, government and policy communities. The policy decision making stage is undertaken by the cabinet where an executive-centric process is applied. The committees play a significant role and the legislative stage where scrutiny of administration, policymaking and appraisal of legislation is made. In the first stage, agenda setting, the role played by the committees is investigative where there are committee reviews and inquiries that influence policy agenda (Aph.gov.au 2017). The committee plays a role beyond agenda setting by pursuing a consensus builder, honest broker, technical expert and educator as required. Further, in the second stage of policy development, the contribution is made on behalf of the executive for exposure of draft bills. However, no formalised role is played. For example, when a new policy proposal needs to be promoted, the committee arranges a reference with the minister for invest igation (Birkland 2016). In the next stage, during decision making, no direct role is played by the committee. However, in the fourth stage of implementation of decisions, the Senators of members examine the bills. In the fifth stage where policy implementation is evaluated, a significant role is played by conducting investigation and scrutiny. The committee contributes to reviewing performance of public agencies and administering policy (Aph.gov.au 2017). In the last stage consultation, the committee plays a role of public communication where it majorly contributes. The link between committee communication and policy making is well established. The committee leaders are highly conscious of communication as there are close connections between consultation and legislation (Thissen and Walker 2013). Despite significant role played by the committee in the Parliament, there are certain limitations on the powers. The committee needs to have an agreed budget for operations and they need to maintain it. A committee may negotiate to receive the information in private or it is open in principle for the committee to challenge the Ministers claim in the House by raising the matter as a possible contempt of the House. Further, the witness my declare information to be in confidence where the above conditions shall reapply. Also, there are limitations on federal legislative power relating to limited capacity and binding laws (Peo.gov.au 2017). However, the High Court in Australia has not identified the control in exercising implied limitations. Also, there is limited power of inquiry as the authority delegates to them for proceedings in the House for which they are appointed. Such legal limitations of the inquiry power enforces by compelling law officers to attend the committee (Aph.gov.au 2017). Conclusively, the Parliament plays the role of forming the basis of responsible government. The committees are meant to perform functions that are not performed by the houses themselves such as discussing detailed matters, conducting inquiries, sifting evidence, hearing witnesses and concluding after evaluation. The committees affect policies significantly. The committees play a significant role and the legislative stage where scrutiny of administration, policymaking and appraisal of legislation is made. References Aph.gov.au, 2017.Chapter 18 Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/practice/chapter18 [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Committees Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees#fndtn-tabSenate_Committees [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Infosheet 4 - Committees Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_4_-_Committees [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Parliamentary Privileges Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0001/01RP01 [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Role of the Committee Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Rural_and_Regional_Affairs_and_Transport/Role_of_the_Committee [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Birkland, T., 2016.An introduction to the policy process. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Directory.gov.au, 2017.Parliamentary Committees | Australian Government Directory. [online] Directory.gov.au. Available at: https://www.directory.gov.au/directory?ea0_lf99_120.organizationalUnit86da2719-ee93-4621-b71a-926e66ac32ad [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Giddings, P., 2014.Parliamentary accountability. 1st ed. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan. Hickman, A., 2015. The Issuing Summonses by Parliamentary Committees-Procedural Issues and Risks: A Case Study from Western Australia.UW Austl. L. Rev.,39, p.319. Huber, K. and Shackleton, M., 2013. Codecision: a practitioner's view from inside the Parliament.Journal of European Public Policy, 20(7), pp.1040-1055. Peo.gov.au, 2017.Parliamentary Committees | Learning | Parliamentary Education Office (committe,parliament,member,issu,parliamentari). [online] Peo.gov.au. Available at: https://www.peo.gov.au/learning/fact-sheets/parliamentary-committees.html [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Reynolds, D. and Williams, G., 2016. Petitioning the Australian parliament: Reviving a dying democratic tradition. Australasian Parliamentary Review, 31(1), p.60. Rogers, R. and Walters, R., 2015.How Parliament works. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Thissen, W. and Walker, W., 2013.Public policy analysis. 1st ed. Boston, MA: Springer US. Webster, J., Dunford, E., Kennington, S., Neal, B. and Chapman, S., 2012. Drop the Salt! Assessing the impact of a public health advocacy strategy on Australian government policy on salt.Public Health Nutrition, 17(01), pp.212-218.

My Psychosocial Stage of Development free essay sample

My Psychosocial Stage of Development S. Pulliam April, 2011 First I would like to define psychosocial development; this is the development of the personality or the acquisition of social attitude and skill from infancy through maturity. Based on the charting from Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development, I fall into two separate categories based on my age. From the beliefs of Erickson, he believed that the achievements and failures of earlier stages influence later stages, whereas later stages modify and transform earlier ones (Erickson, 1980).The first is Young Adulthood and the second is Middle Adulthood. In the two stages from the chart the information is based on (Young adulthood) Intimacy v/s Isolation and the second one (Middle Adulthood) is based on Generativity v/s Stagnation Work and Parenthood Adults. Although there are two separate stages in the psychosocial stages that I fall under, I feel that I am at the midpoint for each and I have decided to consider both aspects in doing my psychosocial stages of development. To explain how the two stages correlate to my life, I decided in the last year to settle down and get married this is based on my young adulthood information from Erickson’s chart. The reason there is a correlation to my life based on Erickson’s chart under middle adulthood id because my life had children prior to the marriage but I am taking a more active role in being involved with activities and school when it comes to my children.In looking at my current psychosocial stage of development influence on my behavior and relationship, I find that I am a calm, and not hard to get along with even under pressure situations that has occurred with us based on my jealous tendencies and insecure ways because of previous relationship and not being with the father of my children. The influence that I see in young adulthood over my relationship is that there is a need for intimacy but not a major desire to have it on a regular basis. The isolation comes from not being so open and friendly to other males in my life or surrounding because of my relationship with my husband.I have male friends that I am social with but I do not allow the intimacy line to be crossed b ecause of my relationship with my husband. The influence that I see in middle adulthood is the need to have a nurturing relationship with my children and creating a positive change to benefit my children lives. In looking at this I made changes in the way I approached my children and how I would not shelter them from the truth when they would ask me questions but give them true answer to their question. As small children I did not feel the need to give much explanation to my children’s questions but now I try to explain everything to them without being untruthful to them or give them false ideas about what is going on around them. To explain the positive and negative outcomes to psychosocial stages of development, I would have to say that there are many positive and negative but the few that stand out to me the most are. First negative outcome, getting over insecurities I had about the intimacy relationship that I chose to take on after breaking off a 10 year relationship with my children’s father.The second negative outcome was getting over the trust issues I had before going into the current marriage that I am in right now. The third negative outcome was getting pass the change of personality and ways I had to endure going into the marriage and getting use to a new personality and making the changes on both parts to make our marriage work to the best of our ability. Based on this information I feel that the positive outcomes to the psychosocial stages of Erickson were in a good way and I can see the difference in my life and marriage.First positive outcome was that I am able to trust again within my relationship with my husband. The second positive outcome was that I made a strong bond with my children and I have not only been a mother to my children but I am the friend that my children confide in when they have feeling they want to express. The third positive outcome I see is that I am calm and stress free with the way I deal with problem within my relationship and I am able to compromise with my spouse when we do not agree on things.In evaluating how other developmental issues have influenced my personality, I would have to say that during my early childhood life I dealt with a few attachment issues with my mother. I feel that during this stage I did not bond with my mother like most children tend to do when the mother is present because she was pre-occupied with her career as a teacher and coaching. So during this age I was in close relationship with my father and I never felt the true connection with myself and my mother like so many girls or women tend to have with a mother.Most of my time I spent with my father and aunts when I was in my early childhood age so I did not really know that much about my mother other than she coached and taught physical education. I admired what she did so I took on the quest of becoming a physical education teacher as well. In School age time I had to bare a lot of pressure in participating in sports and in my school work because the expectation was so high on me to achieve my education and athletic abilities because of what my mother represented in our community.At the same time I was pressured by other students because they felt that the only reason I made the team was because of my mother not because of my own ability. Once I graduated my goals with education were so different. I felt more of the need to help others in crisis situation so I went back to school to get my degree in mental health and social work and that is still my drive today. So from this experience I feel that I have a very strong personality in spite of the way so many tried to bring me down and I am a true fighter for what I believe in deep within my heart.My personality from what I can see is a driving force of who I am and I refuse to be compared to my mother in my quest to achieve greater feats in my life and the way I live my life. It is okay to be compared to her but I know that I could never be my mother or even like her because my drive and ambition is so different from the way she handles things. References http://www. support4change. com/stages/cycles/Erikson. html Erikson E. , 1980. Identity and the Life Cycle. Norton, New York http://currentnursing. com/nursing_theory/theory_of_psychosocial_development. html