Public Policy Role of Committees in Parliament

Question: Discuss about thePublic Policyfor Role of Committees in Parliament. Answer: Introduction The aim of this essay is to determine the role of committees in the Parliamentary system. A Parliamentary committee can be described as a group of members or Senators that are appointed to undertake particular tasks. The committees are appointed by either one or both houses of the Parliament (Aph.gov.au 2017). The Parliament plays the role of forming the basis of responsible government. It also includes the sub functions of providing finances or legislating. There is accountability where the people are accountable through the legislature. The facilitating members of the Parliament discuss the issues of national concern (Hickman 2015). This essay also analyses the level of contribution of committee in policy making. There are several types of committees- standing committee, estimate committees and select committees. The standing committee continuously focuses on assessing bills and specific issues such as education, employment and others (Aph.gov.au 2017). Further, the select committees are established to investigate policy issues related to agriculture, manufacturing or any other relevant businesses. The estimate committees meet up thrice a year and scrutinize allocation of budget funds. In the recent times, committees have gained importance in the Parliament as it is complex to make laws (Reynolds and Williams 2016). The committees are meant to perform functions that are not performed by the houses themselves such as discussing detailed matters, conducting inquiries, sifting evidence, hearing witnesses and concluding after evaluation. Such tasks are more effectively conducted by a small group of Senators or/and members. The parliamentary committees look into specific government administration or policy matters. Other committees look after the internal administration of the Parliament. It is not possible to look after all the things in the Parliament. The committees play a crucial role in investigating the case, sifting evidence and drawing logical conclusions. Such work is more suitable for a small group of members rather than the entire House. These are the general functions performed by the parliamentary committees (Rogers and Walters 2015). Further, the committees are frequently adopted to provide summary of works and accountability of government agencies within specific portfolios. The accountability functions of the committees include jobs such as compelling the attendance of people, conducting inquiries, presenting documents, preparing reports and providing recommendations to parliament. Further, the committees are also an important part of legislative process where public can give their input. The committees play a role of enabling direct contact between the common people and representative groups of Parliament for smooth flow of information. The committees facilitate the level of collegiality between political parties and members who otherwise do not have the opportunity to work with one another (Giddings 2014). The committee contributes to the policy process. There are different phases in the policy cycle- strategic investigation, appraisal of legislation, scrutiny and review. In the first phase, strategic investigation, the policy options and ideas are presented. The parliamentary committees can contribute independently for several policy options. In the second phase, appraisal of legislation that is another prospective phase of policy development, the scope of policy preferences is addressed (Aph.gov.au 2017). In the third phase scrutiny, the phase of policy development is backward looking. The established programs and policies are evaluated so that necessary changes in the department can be made. This stage is more prospective as it is done with an anticipation of future changes. The last stage is review in which only the broad and retrospective issues are covered. The policy gaps and expansive inquiries related to policy are reviewed. The sub-national or organizational issues are also c onsidered that involve neither security nor legislative appraisal (Huber and Shackleton 2013). The committees are considered as a substantial element in the organizational structure in the Australian Parliament. The members spend much time in the committee meetings and establishing the public expectations regarding the changes in policy process. The committees affect policies significantly. This can be justified by examining the two ways in which committees affect policies (Directory.gov.au 2017). Firstly, the impact on public policies can be considered by reviewing the reports and recommendations. The acceptance and implementation of recommendations by government is a measure, but it is difficult to do so in a limited scenario. The interpretation of statistical data becomes difficult at the bureaucratic level. It is important to differentiate broader processes based on the type of impact on government as well as public policy debate (Webster et al. 2012). The Australian parliament committees engage in the policy process with bureaucracy, government and policy communities. The policy decision making stage is undertaken by the cabinet where an executive-centric process is applied. The committees play a significant role and the legislative stage where scrutiny of administration, policymaking and appraisal of legislation is made. In the first stage, agenda setting, the role played by the committees is investigative where there are committee reviews and inquiries that influence policy agenda (Aph.gov.au 2017). The committee plays a role beyond agenda setting by pursuing a consensus builder, honest broker, technical expert and educator as required. Further, in the second stage of policy development, the contribution is made on behalf of the executive for exposure of draft bills. However, no formalised role is played. For example, when a new policy proposal needs to be promoted, the committee arranges a reference with the minister for invest igation (Birkland 2016). In the next stage, during decision making, no direct role is played by the committee. However, in the fourth stage of implementation of decisions, the Senators of members examine the bills. In the fifth stage where policy implementation is evaluated, a significant role is played by conducting investigation and scrutiny. The committee contributes to reviewing performance of public agencies and administering policy (Aph.gov.au 2017). In the last stage consultation, the committee plays a role of public communication where it majorly contributes. The link between committee communication and policy making is well established. The committee leaders are highly conscious of communication as there are close connections between consultation and legislation (Thissen and Walker 2013). Despite significant role played by the committee in the Parliament, there are certain limitations on the powers. The committee needs to have an agreed budget for operations and they need to maintain it. A committee may negotiate to receive the information in private or it is open in principle for the committee to challenge the Ministers claim in the House by raising the matter as a possible contempt of the House. Further, the witness my declare information to be in confidence where the above conditions shall reapply. Also, there are limitations on federal legislative power relating to limited capacity and binding laws (Peo.gov.au 2017). However, the High Court in Australia has not identified the control in exercising implied limitations. Also, there is limited power of inquiry as the authority delegates to them for proceedings in the House for which they are appointed. Such legal limitations of the inquiry power enforces by compelling law officers to attend the committee (Aph.gov.au 2017). Conclusively, the Parliament plays the role of forming the basis of responsible government. The committees are meant to perform functions that are not performed by the houses themselves such as discussing detailed matters, conducting inquiries, sifting evidence, hearing witnesses and concluding after evaluation. The committees affect policies significantly. The committees play a significant role and the legislative stage where scrutiny of administration, policymaking and appraisal of legislation is made. References Aph.gov.au, 2017.Chapter 18 Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/practice/chapter18 [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Committees Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees#fndtn-tabSenate_Committees [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Infosheet 4 - Committees Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/House_of_Representatives/Powers_practice_and_procedure/00_-_Infosheets/Infosheet_4_-_Committees [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Parliamentary Privileges Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp0001/01RP01 [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Aph.gov.au, 2017.Role of the Committee Parliament of Australia. [online] Aph.gov.au. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/Senate/Rural_and_Regional_Affairs_and_Transport/Role_of_the_Committee [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Birkland, T., 2016.An introduction to the policy process. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Directory.gov.au, 2017.Parliamentary Committees | Australian Government Directory. [online] Directory.gov.au. Available at: https://www.directory.gov.au/directory?ea0_lf99_120.organizationalUnit86da2719-ee93-4621-b71a-926e66ac32ad [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Giddings, P., 2014.Parliamentary accountability. 1st ed. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan. Hickman, A., 2015. The Issuing Summonses by Parliamentary Committees-Procedural Issues and Risks: A Case Study from Western Australia.UW Austl. L. Rev.,39, p.319. Huber, K. and Shackleton, M., 2013. Codecision: a practitioner's view from inside the Parliament.Journal of European Public Policy, 20(7), pp.1040-1055. Peo.gov.au, 2017.Parliamentary Committees | Learning | Parliamentary Education Office (committe,parliament,member,issu,parliamentari). [online] Peo.gov.au. Available at: https://www.peo.gov.au/learning/fact-sheets/parliamentary-committees.html [Accessed 22 Feb. 2017]. Reynolds, D. and Williams, G., 2016. Petitioning the Australian parliament: Reviving a dying democratic tradition. Australasian Parliamentary Review, 31(1), p.60. Rogers, R. and Walters, R., 2015.How Parliament works. 1st ed. London: Routledge. Thissen, W. and Walker, W., 2013.Public policy analysis. 1st ed. Boston, MA: Springer US. Webster, J., Dunford, E., Kennington, S., Neal, B. and Chapman, S., 2012. Drop the Salt! Assessing the impact of a public health advocacy strategy on Australian government policy on salt.Public Health Nutrition, 17(01), pp.212-218.

My Psychosocial Stage of Development free essay sample

My Psychosocial Stage of Development S. Pulliam April, 2011 First I would like to define psychosocial development; this is the development of the personality or the acquisition of social attitude and skill from infancy through maturity. Based on the charting from Erickson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development, I fall into two separate categories based on my age. From the beliefs of Erickson, he believed that the achievements and failures of earlier stages influence later stages, whereas later stages modify and transform earlier ones (Erickson, 1980).The first is Young Adulthood and the second is Middle Adulthood. In the two stages from the chart the information is based on (Young adulthood) Intimacy v/s Isolation and the second one (Middle Adulthood) is based on Generativity v/s Stagnation Work and Parenthood Adults. Although there are two separate stages in the psychosocial stages that I fall under, I feel that I am at the midpoint for each and I have decided to consider both aspects in doing my psychosocial stages of development. To explain how the two stages correlate to my life, I decided in the last year to settle down and get married this is based on my young adulthood information from Erickson’s chart. The reason there is a correlation to my life based on Erickson’s chart under middle adulthood id because my life had children prior to the marriage but I am taking a more active role in being involved with activities and school when it comes to my children.In looking at my current psychosocial stage of development influence on my behavior and relationship, I find that I am a calm, and not hard to get along with even under pressure situations that has occurred with us based on my jealous tendencies and insecure ways because of previous relationship and not being with the father of my children. The influence that I see in young adulthood over my relationship is that there is a need for intimacy but not a major desire to have it on a regular basis. The isolation comes from not being so open and friendly to other males in my life or surrounding because of my relationship with my husband.I have male friends that I am social with but I do not allow the intimacy line to be crossed b ecause of my relationship with my husband. The influence that I see in middle adulthood is the need to have a nurturing relationship with my children and creating a positive change to benefit my children lives. In looking at this I made changes in the way I approached my children and how I would not shelter them from the truth when they would ask me questions but give them true answer to their question. As small children I did not feel the need to give much explanation to my children’s questions but now I try to explain everything to them without being untruthful to them or give them false ideas about what is going on around them. To explain the positive and negative outcomes to psychosocial stages of development, I would have to say that there are many positive and negative but the few that stand out to me the most are. First negative outcome, getting over insecurities I had about the intimacy relationship that I chose to take on after breaking off a 10 year relationship with my children’s father.The second negative outcome was getting over the trust issues I had before going into the current marriage that I am in right now. The third negative outcome was getting pass the change of personality and ways I had to endure going into the marriage and getting use to a new personality and making the changes on both parts to make our marriage work to the best of our ability. Based on this information I feel that the positive outcomes to the psychosocial stages of Erickson were in a good way and I can see the difference in my life and marriage.First positive outcome was that I am able to trust again within my relationship with my husband. The second positive outcome was that I made a strong bond with my children and I have not only been a mother to my children but I am the friend that my children confide in when they have feeling they want to express. The third positive outcome I see is that I am calm and stress free with the way I deal with problem within my relationship and I am able to compromise with my spouse when we do not agree on things.In evaluating how other developmental issues have influenced my personality, I would have to say that during my early childhood life I dealt with a few attachment issues with my mother. I feel that during this stage I did not bond with my mother like most children tend to do when the mother is present because she was pre-occupied with her career as a teacher and coaching. So during this age I was in close relationship with my father and I never felt the true connection with myself and my mother like so many girls or women tend to have with a mother.Most of my time I spent with my father and aunts when I was in my early childhood age so I did not really know that much about my mother other than she coached and taught physical education. I admired what she did so I took on the quest of becoming a physical education teacher as well. In School age time I had to bare a lot of pressure in participating in sports and in my school work because the expectation was so high on me to achieve my education and athletic abilities because of what my mother represented in our community.At the same time I was pressured by other students because they felt that the only reason I made the team was because of my mother not because of my own ability. Once I graduated my goals with education were so different. I felt more of the need to help others in crisis situation so I went back to school to get my degree in mental health and social work and that is still my drive today. So from this experience I feel that I have a very strong personality in spite of the way so many tried to bring me down and I am a true fighter for what I believe in deep within my heart.My personality from what I can see is a driving force of who I am and I refuse to be compared to my mother in my quest to achieve greater feats in my life and the way I live my life. It is okay to be compared to her but I know that I could never be my mother or even like her because my drive and ambition is so different from the way she handles things. References http://www. support4change. com/stages/cycles/Erikson. html Erikson E. , 1980. Identity and the Life Cycle. Norton, New York http://currentnursing. com/nursing_theory/theory_of_psychosocial_development. html

How to Write Your IELTS Essay Sample

How to Write Your IELTS Essay SampleIt is an issue that is often debated but if you are stuck on what you should do in writing your IELTS essay, you can get some essay samples. I would love to share with you the tips that I have learned on how to write my essay sample.My first tip is on the topic of Irish nationalities. You need to make sure that you write about Irish people, and not Irish accents. Some people make the mistake of getting the word Irish confused with the accents.If you are not familiar with IELTS, it is a standardized test for the Irish language. You need to research on how to write a sample. That is why there are so many essay samples available on the internet. However, the most important thing you have to know is that it is important to focus on Irish nationalities.The second tip on how to write an IELTS essay samples is to make sure that you read the sample closely. Once you have studied it, you will find that it can actually help you greatly to improve your perfor mance.For example, the sample in the article asks you to answer a question position. What you should learn is that the question and answer position are very different. So when you read the question and answer position, make sure that you will be answering as accurately as possible.The last tip I want to share with you on how to write your IELTS essay samples is to take note of the main message of the essay. Make sure that you can talk about one idea or concept from the sample in a single paragraph. Once you can summarize the main idea in a single paragraph, you can easily summarize the entire article in an easy way.By taking note of these three tips, you will surely produce a great article. After reading this article, you should be able to create an article. But of course, you need to research on all aspects of your topic.

Trail Of Tears Essays - Cherokee Nation, Trail Of Tears, Choctaw

Trail Of Tears Within United States History, there has been some horrible discrimination upon certain races of people. At the trail of tears native Americans were persecuted against heavily. Until 1828 the federal government had Cherokee rights to their land and in that same year Andrew Jackson was elected president and this all ended. On September 15, 1830, at Little Dancing Rabbit Creek, the Chiefs of tribes and representatives of the United States met to discuss a bill recently passed by the Congress. This day started with all the same good intentions of those today but ended with only a few Native Americans signing the treaty which allowing for the removal of all Indian peoples to the west of the Mississippi River. ( Brill, The Trail of tears: The Cherokee journey from home.) The Choctaw were told that the Americans in Washington cared little for the situation. They wanted the Choctaw moved on their own, or by military force. The Indians were believed to be ignorant savages, but they were industrious farmers, merchants, and businessmen of all types. Some were educated people, many were Christians. They even had an organized system of government and a codified body of law. Some of these people were not even Indians, some were strangers and orphans had been taken in over the years. These were people who did not deserve what they went through. When the Chiefs and Warriors signed the treaty, they had come to the realization that they had no option. For doing this the government officials guaranteed to the Indians the body of the treaty, safe conveyance to our new homes. (You cannot forget that in this treaty, the Choctaw traded 10.3 million acres of land east of the Mississippi for 10.3 acres in Oklahoma and Arkansas that we already owned under previous treaties.) Further, it included provisions and monetary annuities, to assist the people to make a new start. One half of the people were to depart almost immediately, the rest the next year. On March 27, 1838, congress did not accept the request for the relief of the Cherokee. Many then saw their land and property sold before their own eyes. The conveyances promised turn out to be a forced march. it was said that ...seven thousand soldiers swooped over the nation causing the Cherokees to suffer greatly and also the troops were ordered To use guns and swords if necessary to punish any Cherokee who tried to hide. (Brill, 43) At the point of a gun, the pace killed many of the old, exposure and bad food killed most. Spoiled beef and vegetables are poor provisions, Many walked the entire distance without shoes, barely clothed. It is told that, Hateful soldiers prodded and kicked the old and sick on their march to the camps. Those who were too weak to keep up were left by the road without food to recover or die. Soldiers pricked friends and family with bayonets to keep them from turning back to help (Brill, 45). These horrid conditions are what the Indians had to deal with. Th e supplies that were given had been rejected by the Americans. One person complained my feet are blistered and on my back is a read and blue backpack of fifty pounds (Ellis). The government cannot be blamed fully, nearly all of this was done by men that were interested only in making profits. They government's really is just wrong for not watching over the whole deal. Many of the old and the children died on the road. At each allowed stop, the dead were buried. Hearing of this many escaped. They knew that as they signed the rolls, to be removed, that they were signing their own death warrants( Brill, 42) . They hid in places that no one would travel to look for them (i.e., Swamps, hills). But as this horror occurred those in charge just reported their peaceful progress. (Ellis, walking the trial: one man's journey along the Cherokee trail of tears.) Some marching claimed to be Black Dutch, Spanish, Creole, or Black. These people were accepted by neither the Americans or the papered. Many others who had to march fled to Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana. The fertile

Reflection Essay Example

Reflection Essay Example Reflection Essay Reflection Essay My brother Each got a remote control car and my sister Hannah got a new Barbie doll. My mother looked at me and said, Ruttier, why arent you opening a gift? I replied, l dont see the gift I want. My mother didnt really like that answer, but I knew I was getting a bike. I had outgrown my old bike. It was very tiny and still had training wheels. There was Just that feeling inside of me and I knew I was getting a new bike. I went off to bed forcing myself to fall asleep so it would be morning faster. When I woke up, I was the first one up like every year. I ran down the steps and there it was; my brand new blue Huffy bike with no training wheels. I had a smile on me from ear to ear. I started riding it around the house and rang the bell it had on it. Everyone woke up and came downstairs. We all opened the rest of our gifts and I Just couldnt wait until all the snow melted so I could ride my bike. My brother has always been my hero. He was my first best friend. He never really got mad at me as a child when I broke his toys or played with them. He would take the time to show me how to play with them and what not to do with them. He has always been there for me and that is why to this day he is still my hero. He was there when my father taught me how to ride a bike. I will always treasure that moment. My brother was the one who encouraged me to take off my training wheels. Best decision of my life. Spring came and I was outside all the time riding my new bike. I only had to go to school in the morning since I was only in kindergarten at the time. I had so much time to ride my bike and practice for the race. My brother and his friends had these little bike races around the block. With my brother being my hero, so I would gag along with him and his friends all the time. They never me let race with them because I was Just a little girl. They didnt want me to get hurt, or anything. Those fools, I always thought. I could beat any one of them if they would Just let me race. So, everyday I was outside riding around my block faster and faster. I always Just kept pushing myself a little harder everyday. I would watch them to see how fast they would go and see if I was faster. I knew I was faster than at least half of them. One day, I finally said something. I went up to my brother and said, Each, I want o race with you guys. They all looked at me and laughed. But I knew I could do it. I wrote on my sidewalk with chalk. So I figured I would Just work my way to the top. My brother is two years older than me so you have to keep in mind that Im Just a little girl trying to be with the big boys. Anywayay, Jimmy had a scared look on his face. I looked back at him with a smile. My brother looked around at all his friends and said, If you want to race you have to beat Jarred. Jarred was ranked number one, and he was pretty fast, but I said I would do it. So we all got lined up and my brother Todd in the middle of us and said, ready, set, go! I remember taking off so quickly. Going around the first corner, I almost fell. I remember the rush I had in my body. The wind was Just rushing through my hair and I kept thinking, miss, yes Im going so fast. All the practice I had done was finally going to payoff. When we got back to the last corner, I thought, This was it Im going to do it. I really am. Jarred beat me. Not by a lot, but he beat me. I was mad and frustrated I threw my bike to the ground. Then Jarred came up to me and said, Wow Ruttier you are pretty fast. You can race with us anytime. I was happy then. I finally got what I wanted, and then I didnt want it. I thought it was more fun riding around the block by myself. That way nobody would laugh at me if I fell down. The feeling of going fast was all I really wanted anyway. After that race my brother and his friends never really complained that I hung around them too much and needed to go play Barbies with girls. It was always fun watching them race. The best feeling was knowing that I fit in with them and my brother not thinking it was lame that his little sister was hanging around him.

Philosophy and Social Justice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Philosophy and Social Justice - Essay Example A social system is said to be just if its values are contrary to those systems that foster suffering, abuse, oppression, tyranny, discrimination, and prejudice. A just social system incorporates the government since solely the government does the distribution of services and resources. These services include education and health services. When the government provides a quality education, dependable health services and equitable distribution of resources to the populace without favor then we say we have a socially just society. A society where every citizen, whether rich, poor, powerful, or powerless is given an equal chance to thrive either in social, or economic aspects. In conclusion, a socially just society upholds the rights of its citizens as provided in the constitution. These rights may include right to shelter/housing, freedom of speech, freedom of association, equitable economical empowerment among others (Daniels, 2005). According to the Theory of Justice (Veil of Ignorance), Rawls argument is from a principled reconciliation of fairness and liberty. Ideologies of justice are used to guide the conduct of the parties. These groups face a little shortage, and they are not purely egoistic or naturally altruistic. They have a mission they seek to achieve, but prefer to achieve them through collaboration with others on mutually suitable conditions. Rawls gives a form of fairness in the choice within groups using principles of justice that are mutually acceptable. In such limitations, Rawls believes that the involved groups would find his preferred ideologies to be attractive, winning out over varied alternatives such as right-libertarian and utilitarian accounts. Rawls claims that ignorance to certain issues in the society will create fairness in the society; this he calls the original position. If a person does not know his future in his own imagined society, he is likely not giving

Management Experience in the Creative and Cultural Industries Essay

Management Experience in the Creative and Cultural Industries - Essay Example The first concept which is applied to setting up a new restaurant is based on the franchise requirements which are associated with IHoP. The building has to be free standing and should be an average of 5,000 feet, which seats 185 people. If it isn’t free standing, then it is required to be on an end – cap space, such as at the end of a shopping center. The site is also to be located in an area that has a minimum population of 25,000 and a maximum of 50,000 within a 3 mile population. The traffic which goes through the location should be 28,000 daily, which is specific to the area that the building is located in. It is also required to have a parking space for 50 – 80 people. The property terms are on a triple lease to own, which is based on a lease agreement which lasts from 20 – 30 years. The utility service requires gas at 2,000,000 BTUs, water at 2 inches and 55 pounds minimum flow pressure fire service. Electricity is required to be at 1,000 Amps and 1 20 / 208 2 phase 4 wire. The sewer should contain a 6 inch line minimum lateral (IHoP, 2010). The expectations with the franchise are followed by the establishment and main way in which the operations will work. The first aspect to this is safety. The safety for employees relates to keeping the place clean and free from slipping, spills, burns and other hazards while cooking or serving guests. To ensure this, safety standards will be required through both internal standards and federal regulations, such as continuously cleaning the floors and counter space as well as taking preventative measures while cooking (Almanza, 2004). The food safety will be added into this, specifically with the purchase, storage, handling, preparation, cooking, transport and service. Each of these stages has to meet specific regulations through a food management safety system. The purchase, storage and handling will be monitored by keeping the area clean and by